‘Rivalry and Revenge: Killing Civilians in the Spanish Civil War’. Of the former, the art historian Robert Hughes stated, "Salvador Dali appropriated the horizontal thigh of Goya's crouching Saturn for the hybrid monster in the painting Soft Construction with Boiled Beans, Premonition of Civil War, which rather than Picasso's Guernica – is the finest single work of visual art inspired by the Spanish Civil War. The group was closely associated with fascism and maintained a black list of leading republican officers and in the build-up to the war the top two names, Carlos Faraudo and José del Castillo, were both killed. "Terror and Violence: The Dark Face of Spanish Anarchism." [6]: Moreover, 4,000 Spanish Republicans were deported by the Nazis to the occupied Channel Islands and were forced to work building fortifications; only 59 survived. [note 60] Franco's government would later give names of 61,000 victims of the red terrors, but which are not considered objectively verifiable. [239], Due to the geographic and linguistic proximity, most Portuguese volunteers to the Republican side joined their forces directly and not as part of the International Brigades. Adultery by women was a crime, but adultery by the husband was a crime only if he lived with his mistress. Instead, he invited the Radical Republican Party's Alejandro Lerroux to do so. Then the 1954 reform of the 1933 "Ley de vagos y maleantes" ("Vagrancy Act") declared homosexuality illegal. [299], After the official end of the war, guerrilla warfare was waged on an irregular basis by the Spanish Maquis well into the 1950s, gradually reduced by military defeats and scant support from the exhausted population. Nadeau, Jean-Benoit, Barlow, Julie (2013). history, military, Spain. Virtually all Nationalist groups had strong Catholic convictions and supported the native Spanish clergy. [304] By mid-September, all of los niños, as they became known, had found homes with families. 32–33. President Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, who was hostile to this government, called another election. This process led many to exile or death. Rural workers were executed and it was joked that they had received their "land reform" in the form of a burial plot. [351] According to historian Paul Preston, the minimum number of those executed by the rebels is 130,000,[352] and is likely to have been far higher, with other historians placing the figure at 200,000 dead. Buenaventura Durruti Born José Buenaventura Durruti Dumange 14 … Why Democracy Failed: The Agrarian Origins of the Spanish Civil War. La Guerra Civil no ha terminado, "El silencio de los obispos: La Iglesia Católica de España y los niños perdidos del franquismo un año después", "La represión: el ADN del franquismo español", "La Ley de Responsabilidades Políticas, un arma más de represión durante el franquismo", "Chapter 26: A History of Spain and Portugal vol. [20] Twelve successful coups were carried out between 1814 and 1874. [103] Nationalists also claimed they were bringing security and direction to an ungoverned and lawless country. highest considered estimate, 150,000 in combat and 140,000 executed, Moa, Pio (2015). [54] Alejandro Lerroux of the Radical Republican Party (RRP) formed a government, reversing changes made by the previous administration[55] and granting amnesty to the collaborators of the unsuccessful uprising by General José Sanjurjo in August 1932. [269], April and May saw the May Days, infighting among Republican groups in Catalonia. Around 5,000 homosexuals were arrested during Francoism due to their sexual orientation.[73]. [336], Demographers take an entirely different approach; instead of adding up deaths from different categories, they try to gauge the difference between the total number of deaths recorded during the war and the total that would result from applying annual death averages from the 1926–1935 period; this difference is considered excess death resulting from the war. [62], Just as with the death toll from executions by the Nationalists during the Civil War, historians have made different estimations the victims of the White Terror after the war. Financing the war posed enormous challenge for both the Nationalists and the Republicans. Following internal conflict between Republican factions in Madrid in the same month, Franco entered the capital and declared victory on 1 April 1939. Comín Colomer, Eduardo (1973); El 5º Regimiento de Milicias Populares. [7]:408, At the end of the Spanish Civil War the executions of the "enemies of the state" continued (some 50,000 people were killed),[3]:8[7]:405 including the extrajudicial (death squad) executions of members of the Spanish maquis (anti–Francoist guerrillas) and their supporters (los enlaces, "the links");in the province of Córdoba 220 maquis and 160 enlaces were killed. Following the war, wide swathes of Spanish society, including the armed forces, united in hopes of removing the corrupt central government, but were unsuccessful. A large number of the executed were done so for their political activities or positions they held under the Republic during the war, though those who committed their own killings under the Republic were also amongst executed as well. However, the end of the Civil War and later the Second World War saw the isolation of the country from most other nations until the 1950s, in which the American anti-Communist international policy favoured having a far-right and extremely anti-communist ally in Europe.[435]. The Battle of Brunete, however, was a significant defeat for the Republic, which lost many of its most accomplished troops. Those in favour of reforming Spain's government vied for political power with conservatives, who tried to prevent reforms. The Splintering of Spain, p. 54 CUP, 2005, Madariaga – Spain (1964) p. 416 as cited in, Payne, Stanley G. The collapse of the Spanish republic, 1933–1936: Origins of the civil war. [7]:223President Alcalá-Zamora's reforms to Spanish society were continually blocked by the right-wing parties and rejected by the far-left-wing National Confederation of Labour (CNT, Confederación Nacional del Trabajo). "Pre-emptive or arbitrary: Two forms of lethal violence in a civil war." As they did not trust the [local] people, the authorities imposed their will by means of terror, committing atrocities in order to achieve their aim. [403] Fake justice was sought through commissions, named checas after the Soviet secret police organization. Abroad, Spain is classified as insolvent. The gesture of the raised fist, so widespread among left-wing workers' groups, gave rise to more regimented variations, such as the salute with the fist on one's temple, characteristic of the German, the war lasted 986 days; dollars are quoted at their nominal value of the late 1930s. His instructions were clear: "...A hundred per cent victory for Franco was not desirable from a German point of view; rather were we interested in a continuance of the war and in the keeping up of the tension in the Mediterranean. [42][43] Fascism remained a reactive threat, helped by controversial reforms to the military. )[97], Assault Guard Captain Fernando Condés was a close personal friend of Castillo. Anyone who did not attend Mass faithfully was likely to be suspected of 'red' tendencies. Thus they fared poorly in combat, particularly against the professional Army of Africa armed with modern weapons, ultimately contributing to Franco's rapid advance. In the moment of their final victory, Nationalists commanded over 900,000 troops. "[70][71] Bosses fired leftist workers and imprisoned trade union and socialist militants, and wages were reduced to "salaries of hunger. Some chose to settle down in Britain, while the remaining children were eventually evacuated back to Spain.[305]. Paracuellos massacres Part of Spanish Civil War Paracuellos cemetery memorial LocationParacuellos del Jarama and … delta between the total number of deaths recorded in 1936–1942 and the total which would have resulted from extrapolating average annual death total from the 1926–1935 period, Ortega, José Antonio, Silvestre, Javier (2006). The Munich Agreement effectively caused a collapse in Republican morale by ending hope of an anti-fascist alliance with Western powers. [6]:224[21]:308 In Granada, one supporter of the Nationalists said: The battalion was formed to give political prisoners, who would otherwise have been shot, a chance either to redeem themselves on the field or else die with honour before enemy fire. [58] Open violence occurred in the streets of Spanish cities, and militancy continued to increase,[59] reflecting a movement towards radical upheaval, rather than peaceful democratic means as solutions. ¿Cuántas víctimas se cobró la Guerra Civil? [102][103] The arbitrary use of lethal force by the state and a lack of action against the attackers led to public disapproval of the government. [11] Throughout Franco's rule (1 October 1936 – 20 November 1975), the Law of Political Responsibilities (Ley de Responsabilidades Políticas), promulgated in 1939, reformed in 1942, and in force until 1966, gave legalistic color of law to the political repression that characterized the dismantling of the Second Republic;[12] and served to punish Loyalist Spaniards. [28]:388 Nevertheless, new forms of opposition started like the unrest in the universities and strikes in Barcelona, Madrid and Vizcaya. Germany moved the Army of Africa to mainland Spain in the war's early stages. The death toll of the Spanish Civil War is far from clear and remains—especially in part related to war and postwar repression—a very controversial issue. More than 1000 each came from the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Canada. [84] Mola was chief planner and second in command. Emilio Mola was moved from head of the Army of Africa to military commander of Pamplona in Navarre. [48] The causal factors were increased resentment of the incumbent government caused by a controversial decree implementing land reform[49] and by the Casas Viejas incident,[50] and the formation of a right-wing alliance, Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups (CEDA). On the Nationalist side, the biggest losses came after the conflict, when they had to let Germany exploit the country's mining resources, so until the beginning of World War II they barely had the chance to make any profit. [366] However, during the war, executions declined as the Francoist state began to establish itself. 1949. The Basques suffered most from the lack of a suitable air force. [190], The Republic proved ineffective militarily, relying on disorganised revolutionary militias. [141] The Nationals included the majority of the Catholic clergy and practitioners (outside of the Basque region), important elements of the army, most large landowners, and many businessmen. When 250,000 mourners gathered for his funeral, snipers attacked the crowd, killing 42 and wounding over 200. [113], The rebels failed to take any major cities with the critical exception of Seville, which provided a landing point for Franco's African troops, and the primarily conservative and Catholic areas of Old Castile and León, which fell quickly. Murders without justification, such as two University lecturers, one in Valladolid, and another in Granada, just in case they were Masonic, and García Lorca as well. Historians of the Spanish Civil War, such as Helen Graham,[9]:30 Paul Preston,[6]:307 Antony Beevor,[7]:86–87 Gabriel Jackson,[21]:305 Hugh Thomas, and Ian Gibson[16]:168 concurred that the mass killings realized behind the Nationalist front lines were organized and approved by the Nationalist rebel authorities, while the killings behind the Republican front lines resulted from the societal breakdown of the Second Spanish Republic: Though there was much wanton killing in rebel Spain, the idea of the limpieza, the "cleaning up" of the country from the evils which had overtaken it, was a disciplined policy of the new authorities, and a part of their programme of regeneration. The repression in the aftermath was brutal and prisoners were tortured. Communist figures including Vittorio Vidali ("Comandante Contreras"), Iosif Grigulevich, Mikhail Koltsov and, most prominently, Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov led operations that included the murders of Catalan anti-Stalinist Communist politician Andrés Nin, the socialist journalist Mark Rein, and the independent left-wing activist José Robles. Casanova, Julián. As many strikes occurred between April and July as had occurred in the entirety of 1931. [410], The Republicans also conducted their own bombing attacks on cities, such as the bombing of Cabra, and in fact conducted more indiscriminate air raids on cities and civilian targets than the Nationalists. Reprisal killings are happening in the south, in and around Seville. Consequently, the Nationalists called Lisbon "the port of Castile". With the rebellion of 1934, the Spanish left lost even the shadow of moral authority to condemn the rebellion of 1936. Historians such as Helen Graham,[343] Paul Preston,[344] Antony Beevor,[17] Gabriel Jackson[345] and Hugh Thomas[346] argue that the mass executions behind the Nationalist lines were organised and approved by the Nationalist rebel authorities, while the executions behind the Republican lines were the result of the breakdown of the Republican state and chaos: Though there was much wanton killing in rebel Spain, the idea of the limpieza, the "cleaning up", of the country from the evils which had overtaken it, was a disciplined policy of the new authorities and a part of their programme of regeneration. [42]:24–28[43]:501 In fact, one of the leaders of the coup, General Mola said:[6]:103. [198], On July 26, just eight days after the revolt had started, an international communist conference was held at Prague to arrange plans to help the Republican Government. [42]:[43]:585 Thousands of men and women were imprisoned after the civil war in Francoist concentration camps, approximately 367,000 to 500,000 prisoners were held in 50 camps or prisons. [237], Many Americans volunteered and arrived in Spain in 1937. [281] Eight days before the new year, Franco threw massive forces into an invasion of Catalonia. Queipo de Llano, one of the Nationalists leaders known for his use of radio broadcasts as a means of psychological warfare, said:[6]:206. Both sides would invent different characters of the Moorish troops, drawing on a wide range of historical symbols, cultural prejudices and racial stereotypes. "Mobilization and political violence following the Spanish general elections of 1936." "[426] This work, also featured at the 1937 International Exhibition in Paris, was shipped back to the Spanish Republic's capital in Valencia following the Exhibition, but has since gone missing or has been destroyed. 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