National Library of Medicine The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Nevertheless, the vertical GRF of the altered foot model was not the clear two-peaked pattern of humans, but was more like that occasionally observed in chimpanzee bipedal walking3. Anderson, F. C. & Pandy, M. G. Dynamic optimization of human walking. In addition, ranges of angular motions at the hip and ankle joints were larger and the knee joint was more flexed in the mid-stance phase with increasing speed, indicating that gait … Did you know this is true for some monkey species as well? Straus, W. L. The foot musculature of the highland gorilla (Gorilla Beringei). Article  Anthropol. Am. Anthropol. 493, 589–601 (1996). Front. Jul 2015; Emanuel Andrada. Okada, M., Morimoto, M. & Kimura, T. Mobility of hindlimb joints in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) as influenced by biarticular musculature. Anthropol. IEEE Trans. Interface 9, 2396–2402 (2012). Eng. Pontzer, H., Raichlen, D. A. J. Exp. 55, 153–166 (1981). There are methods by which male alpha dignity is more Gosthi male alpha male position was conquered … Thota AK, Watson SC, Knapp E, Thompson B, Jung R. J Neurotrauma. In this study, DFA proved a useful tool for measuring qualitative differences between sequences of foraging and locomotion behaviour among wild Japanese macaques. Am. The estimated gross mass-specific metabolic cost of transport was 14.5 J/(kg m), whereas that estimated based on measured CO2 production rates29 was ~15 J/(kg m)5, indicating that the cost of transport was also reasonably well estimated. 122, 339–350 (1998). In this study we show quantitative differences between quadrupedal and bipedal gait in the Japanese monkey in terms of gait patterns, trunk/hindlimb kinematics, and electromyographic (EMG) activity, obtained from 3 macaques during treadmill walking. A stick diagram of the generated bipedal locomotion with altered foot morphology (the calcaneal tuberosity was inferiorly translated by 36 mm from the original position) compared with that of the intact foot is shown in Fig. 84, 1–11 (2001). A comparatively larger step width, an ~9% longer duty cycle, and ~20% increased relative duration of the double-support phase were all in line with such a strategy. Reconstructing the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans. 66, 181–191 (1996). Sci. semiterrestrial Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata). 150, 76–86 (2013). In general, nonhuman primates possess more compliant legs than humans66. J. Hum. 88, 25–31 (1954). Careers. Article  J. R. Soc. PubMed Central  96, 39–50 (1995). We predicted that as a consequence of an almost upright body axis, bipedal gait would show properties consistent with temporal and spatial optimization countering higher trunk/hindlimb loads and a less stable center of mass (CoM). ), Chimpanzees and Human Evolution. Rehabil. Further, the evolution of a larger body could be another possible prerequisite for the acquisition of bipedal walking with full utilization of the inverted pendulum mechanism because larger animals tend to take a more extended leg posture to decrease muscular forces by increasing muscle mechanical advantage83. Ortega, J. D. & Farley, C. T. Minimizing center of mass vertical movement increases metabolic cost in walking. Because the GRF vector passed nearer to the ankle joint, the leg stiffness increased in the early stance phase in the altered foot model. Internet Explorer). J. Hum. Gebo, D. L. & Schwartz, G. T. Foot bones from Omo: implications for hominid evolution. Pilbeam, D. R., Lieberman, D. E., 2017. However, a naturally acquired, totally untrained bipedal locomotion, which reflects the true bipedal ability of a Japanese macaque, has never been studied. Hase, K. & Yamazaki, N. Computational evolution of human bipedal walking by a neuro-musculo-skeletal model. Although the force profiles did not match each other exactly, the simulated results generally agreed with the measured data and captured the main features of the GRF profiles in the Japanese macaque, such as the single-peaked vertical GRF profile with a peak occurring in the early stance phase, the breaking peak magnitude being slightly larger than that for propelling, and the breaking period being shorter than the propelling period31. 4a), resulting in reduced muscle work of the ankle joint. J. The subject acquired bipedalism by himself because of the loss of his forearms and hands due to congenital malformation. O’Neill, M. C., Demes, B., Thompson, N. E. & Umberger, B. R. Three-dimensional kinematics and the origin of the hominin walking stride. I. Therefore, a total of six parameters (\(\gamma _m\), \(\delta _m\), \(\mu _{1,m}\), \(\mu _{2,m}\), \(\sigma _{1,m}\), and \(\sigma _{2,m}\)) were used to define the activation pattern of each muscle. In a within-species comparative study, we investigated joint kinematics and electromyographic characteristics of bipedal vs. quadrupedal treadmill locomotion in Japanese macaques. & Tsuchiya, K. Simulating adaptive human bipedal locomotion based on phase resetting using foot-contact information. Bipedal walking of the Japanese macaque has recently emerged as an important paradigm for understanding the evolution and neuro-control mechanisms of human bipedal locomotion. J. Phys. The kinetics of the center of mass (COM) indicates that Japanese macaques trained for bipedal locomotion use grounded and aerial running, with the path of the COM reaching its deepest point during mid-stance, and avoid pendular walking (Ogihara et al., 2018). Energetic costs of bipedal and quadrupedal walking in Japanese macaques. Based on Ogihara et al.62, the elastic and viscous coefficients were determined to be 6000 N/m and 60 Ns/m, respectively, for the vertical elements and 1200 N/m and 13 Ns/m, respectively, for the horizontal elements so as to successfully generate continuous bipedal locomotion of the model. Eidelberg, E., Walden, J. G. & Nguyen, L. H. Locomotor control in macaque monkeys. CAS  Am. However, we certainly cannot replace the macaque foot with a human foot in vivo to evaluate the effect of changes in foot morphology on the mechanics and energetics of bipedal locomotion. The proximate cause of this decrease is the reduction in the soleus muscle force (Fig. (Eds. J. R. Soc. Preliminary results on Olive Baboons (Papio anubis). Gerritsen, K. G., van den Bogert, A. J., Hulliger, M. & Zernicke, R. F. Intrinsic muscle properties facilitate locomotor control_A computer simulation study. Using our predictive simulation, we then evaluated how the kinematics, dynamics, and energetics of bipedal locomotion change as a result of alterations in foot morphology. Improved locomotor economy is a strong evolutionary advantage for foraging and reproduction. J. Phys. One thing these different babies have in common is they have super soft hair or fur, which changes as they get older. They Jackson, J. N., Hass, C. J. Anthropol. 2. Anthropol. Further information on research design is available in the Nature Research Reporting Summary linked to this article. That limitation is due to anatomical restrictions determined by the morphology and structure of the macaque musculoskeletal system. Spontaneously acquired bipedal locomotion of an untrained Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) is measured and compared with the elaborated bipedal locomotion of highly trained monkeys to assess the natural ability of a quadrupedal primate to walk bipedally. During the swing phase of bipedal locomotion in the Japanese macaque, the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints are flexed to avoid contact between the toes and the ground; however, the present model does not have interphalangeal joints. (Lond.) f. fuscata is the mainland subspecies of the Japanese macaque.M. J. Hum. However, planarity was much lower in macaques, and orientations of the plane differed between the … Non-antigravity hindlimb EMG showed altered temporal profiles during liftoff or touchdown. Walking is a terrestrial locomotion in which at least one leg is always in contact with the ground. In addition, feet without a human-like longitudinal arch and prominent plantar aponeurosis80,81,82 should also be altered for effective propulsive force generation as observed in human walking. Therefore, the model accounted for elastic energy storage and release of the PE elements. Lovejoy, C. O. The computer code used for this study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Ogihara, N., Aoi, S., Sugimoto, Y., Tsuchiya, K. & Nakatsukasa, M. Forward dynamic simulation of bipedal walking in the Japanese macaque: Investigation of causal relationships among limb kinematics, speed, and energetics of bipedal locomotion in a nonhuman primate. Such a spinal rhythm-generating neuronal network also seems to exist in primates and is hypothesized to contribute to the generation of actual locomotion93,94. Nakajima K, Mori F, Takasu C, Mori M, Matsuyama K, Mori S. Prog Brain Res. 89, 29–58 (1992). Doran, D. M. Comparative locomotor behaviour of chimpanzees and bonobos – the influence of morphology on locomotion. In this study, we dynamically reconstructed bipedal walking of the Japanese macaque to investigate causal relationships among limb kinematics, speed, and energetics, with a view to understanding the mechanisms underlying the evolution of human bipedalism. Some chimpanzees are reportedly capable of generating double-peaked vertical GRF3, but the force profile is not the clear two-peak pattern of humans. Full-text available. J. Neurophysiol. 156, 422–433 (2015). 123, 24–34 (2018). J. Appl. Fluctuations in sensitivity to rhythm resetting effects during the cat’s step cycle. Ogihara, N., Usui, H., Hirasaki, E., Hamada, Y. The same is probably expected for A. sediba, because of its plantigrade foot, even though its calcaneus was relatively slender76. 42, 1282–1287 (2009). This simulation can be used to investigate predictively the effects of alterations in foot morphology on the kinematics, dynamics, and energetics of bipedal locomotion in the Japanese macaque. Folia Primatol. Yefta Sutedja. Gray dotted line = after alteration. H.O., N.I. Patterns of bipedal walking in anthropoid primates. An explanation for the mor- Japanese macaque groups have a distinct classification of rank among men, and one person has alpha dignity for other men in the troupe, but many have a new alpha location, including tolerance, ex-alpha male demise or departure, ex-alpha male status, division of a troupe. The foot and ankle of Australopithecus sediba. In human walking, the second force hump of the vertical GRF profile is generated due to activations of plantarflexor muscles such soleus and gastrocnemius, but in the macaque model, the forces generated by these triceps surae muscles is not as prominent as that in humans, resulting in the absence of the prominent second force hump. 2004;143:183-90. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6123(03)43018-5. Cybern. The heel of the foot corresponding to the calcaneal tuberosity was translated inferiorly by 1 mm up to 36 mm, so that it resembled that of humans. Biol. 56, 465–501 (1976). Anthropol. International Journal of Primatology 31(2): 209-217. 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